ADJECTIVES (KATA SIFAT)

Adjectives adalah kata sifat, yaitu kata-kata yang menerangkan kata benda.

Ada beberapa bentuk kata sifat. Yaitu:

1.      Kata sifat yang berakhiran –ing dan –ed contoh : boring dan bored

• Jane is bored because her job is boring. (Jane merasa bosan karen pekerjaanya yang membosankan)
• Jane’s job is boring, so Jene is bored (Pekerjaan Jane membosankan, maka Jane merasa bosan)

Jadi jika seseorang bosan, makna ini yang membuat orang lain merasa bosan

•  George always talks about the same things. He’s really boring. (George selalu memperbicangkan tentang hal yang sama, Ia benar-benar membosankan)

Perbandingan kata sifat yang  berakhiran –ing dan –ed

My job is interesting                                       I’m not interested in my job any more

Kata sifat yang berakhiran –ing membicarakan tentang pekerjaan, sedangkan kata sifat yang berakhiran –ed membicarakan tentang bagaimana perasaan seseorang (tentang pekerjaannya).

2.     2. Kata Sifat : Word Order

Terkadang digunakan dua atau lebih kata sifat berbarengan dalam suatu kalimat ada yang bersifat sebagai opini dan ada yang bersifat fakta contohnya :

• My brother lives in a nice new house

Disini kata nice sebagai kata sifat opini sedangkan kata new merupakan kata sifat fakta

Kemudian juga Kata sifat ukuran dan panjang pada umumya di letakkan setelah kata sifat bentuk dan lebar contoh :

• A large round table.

Apabila ada dua kata sifat warna yang sama dalam suatu kalimat maka digunakan kata penghubung –and, contoh :

•  A black and white dress

Contoh yang lain dari dua kata sifat dalam satu kalimat yaitu ( ‘the first two days’,’ the next few weeks’, ‘the last ten minutes’:

• I didn’t like the first two days fo the training. (bukan the two first days)

3.      3. Kata sifat setelah kata kerja

Kata sifat di gunakan setelah kata kerja be/become/seem

• Be careful!                                         
• I’m tired and I’m getting hungry
• As the film went on, it became more and more boring
• Your friend seems very nice

Kata sifat juga di gunakan dalam kalimat looks, feels, sounds, tastes atau smells, contoh :

• You look tired  / I feel tired / She sounds tried
•  The dinner smells good
• This tea tastes a bit strange.

4.      4. Kata sifat yang di rubah menjadi adverbs (kata keterangan)

Ada beberapa kata sifat yang dirubah menjadi adverbs diantaranya

• Quick – quickly                        serious – seriously                              careful – carefully
• Quiet – quietly                          heavy – heavily                                   bad – badly

Tapi tidak semua kata yang berakhiran –ly sebagai adverbs tapi ada juga kata sifat seperti :

• Friendly / lively / elderly / lonely / silly / lovely

Kata sifat menerangkan kata benda (noun) sedangkan Kata keterangan menerangkan kata kerja.

Kata sifat digunakan sebelum kata benda dan beberapa kata setelah kata kerja (lihat nomor 3 diatas), contoh:

• Smith  is bad driver

5.      5. Kata sifat digunakan setelah kata keterangan

Kata sifat yang di gunakan setelah kata keterangan , contohnya :

• It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good

6.      6. Kata sifat pada kata-kata tertentu.

Penggunaan kata-kata sifat tertentu memberikan makna tersendiri seperti kata Good/Well, Fast/hard/late, Hard/hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere dan hardly ever.

Good menunjukkan kata sifat sedangkan well menunjukkan kepada kata keterangan, tapi pada kondisi tertentu well bisa menjadi kata sifat apabila menunjukan kepada suatu makna kondisi kesehatan yang baik.

Contoh good sebagai kata sifat :  Your English is good 

Contoh well sebagai kata keterangan : You speak English well

Contoh well sebagai kata sifat : How are you today? I am very well, thanks.

Contoh fast : Halim is a very fast runner

ADVERBS (KATA KETERANGAN)

Adverbs adalah kata keterangan yaitu kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja, kata sifat.

Ada beberapa bentuk-bentuk Adverbs.

1.      Kata keterangan digunakan setelah kata kerja.

Contoh: Tom drove carefully along the narrow road.

2.      Kata keterangan digunakan sebelum kata sifat

Contoh: maria learns languages incredibly quickl

3.      Kata keterangan sebelum past participle

Contoh : The meeting was very badly organised

4.      Kata keterangan pada kata-kata tertentu.

Kata good dan well

Good khusus bagi kata sifat sedangkan well untuk kata keterangan

contoh : You speak English well.

Kata Fast /hard/late.

contoh : Jack can run very fast

              Ann works hard

              I got up late this morning

THE COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

 The compound-complex sentence combines elements of compound and complex sentences. It is the most sophisticated type of sentence you can use. Understanding how to construct the compound-complex sentence will help you take your writing to a new level of complexity.

UNDERSTANDING CLAUSES

A clause is comprised of at least one subject and one verb. There are two types of clauses: the independent lause and the dependent clause.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

An independent clause makes a statement or asks a question that can act as a complete sentence.

Example: The dog barks.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A dependent clause cannot act as a complete sentence because it begins with a subordinating word, such as when, because, if, whoever, etc.

Example: When the dog barks.

All grammatically correct sentences have at least one independent clause, and, therefore, they have at least one subject and one verb.

IDENTIFYING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

The Compound Sentence A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so) and a comma or by a semicolon alone.

Example: The pirate captain lost her treasure map, but she still found the buried treasure.

The Complex Sentence A complex sentence combines a dependent clause with an independent clause. When the dependent clause is placed before the independent clause, the two clauses are divided by a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is necessary.

Example: Because the soup was too cold, I warmed it in the microwave.

CONSTRUCTING COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES

A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Example: Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much.

Example: Laura forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent her a card when she finally remembered.

Because compound-complex sentences are normally longer than other sentences, it is very important to punctuate them correctly. Refer to your Commas 101 handout for tips on correct comma usage.

Exercise

With a partner or on your own, write five of your own compound-complex sentences in the space provided. Use the example below to help guide your writing. After you are finished, write one of your sentences on the board. As a group, we will determine if they are, in fact, compound-complex sentences.

Example: Begin with two independent clauses: The team captain jumped for joy. The fans cheered.

Then combine the independent clauses to form a compound sentence:

The team captain jumped for joy, and the fans cheered.

Now, add a dependent clause to your compound sentence to create a compound-complex sentence.

The team captain jumped for joy, and the fans cheered because we won the state championship.

OR

When we won the state championship, the team captain jumped for joy, and the fans cheered.

For more practice, choose a passage from a book, newspaper, or magazine you are reading. Identify compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. By understanding how other writers use these types of sentences, you can improve your ability to craft your own compound-complex sentences.

CLAUSES

A clause is a systematic construction containing a subject and a verb forming either part of a sentence or constituting a whole simple sentence

DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

Any clause beginning with a subordinating word like what, that, who, which, when, since, before, after, or if is a dependent clause (sometimes called a subordinate clause). Dependent clauses, like phrases, function as grammatical units in a sentence -- that is, as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

Both of the following sentences are independent clauses (sometimes called main clauses). They also can stand alone as whole, simple sentences.

I went to school.

Much time had elapsed.

In the following sentences, the first clause is dependent; the second clause is independent.

When I went to school, I studied my lessons.

Since much time had elapsed, she remained at home.

Note: In the last two sentences "I studied my lessons" and "she remained at home" are complete statements. But the clauses "when I went to school" and "since much time had elapsed" do not express complete thoughts. They depend upon the independent statements to complete their meanings. Both of these dependent clauses function as adverbs.

NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause is a dependent clause used like a noun, that is, as a subject, direct object, indirect object, or object of preposition. Noun clauses are usually introduced by that, what, why, whether, who, which, how, whoever, or whatever. Some of these introductory words can introduce both noun and adjective clauses, since the manner in which the clause is used in the sentence, and not its introductory word, determines its classification. Most sentences containing noun clauses differ from those containing adjective and adverbial clauses in that with the clause removed they are no longer complete sentences.

Your plan is interesting. The subject is the noun plan.

What you intend to do is interesting. The noun clause is the subject of the verb "is." Notice that the noun "plan" can be substituted for the noun clause.

Tell me what you intend to do. The noun clause is the direct object of the verb "tell." Again the clause is a substitute for the noun "plan."

I am interested in what you intend to do.

The noun clause is the object of the preposition IN.

I will give whoever loses the game a box of candy. The noun clause is an indirect object.

This use of the noun clause is rare.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. The common connective words used to introduce adjective clauses are the relative pronouns who (and itsinflected forms whom and whose), which, that, and relative adverbs like where and when.

(where and when can introduce all three kinds of clauses.)

The bold clauses in the following sentences are all adjective clauses:

He is a man who is respected by everyone.

Mr. Jones, whose son attends the University, is our friend.

He saw the place where he was born.

It was a time when money did not count.

Adjective clauses are classified as essential (restrictive) and nonessential (nonrestrictive.)

An essential clause, as its name implies, is necessary in a sentence because it identifies or points out a certain person or thing; a nonessential clause adds information about the word it modifies, but it is not essential in pointing out or identifying a certain person or thing.

Thomas Jefferson, who was born on the frontier, became President.

The name Thomas Jefferson has identified the person, and the bold clause is not essential.

A person who loves to read will never be lonely.

The bold adjective clause is essential in identifying a particular kind of person.

My father, who was a country boy, has made a success of his life.

Since a person has only one father, an identifying clause is not essential.

The girl by whom he sat in class is an honor student.

The bold adjective clause is essential to the identification of girl.

To determine whether an adjective clause is essential, you may apply this test: read the sentence leaving out the adjective clause and see whether the omission changes the meaning of the sentence. Try this test on the following sentence:

Airplanes, which are now manufactured in great numbers, were very necessary during the war.

Omission of the adjective clause does not change the basic meaning of this sentence. The underlined adjective clause is therefore nonessential and should be set off by commas.

Now read the following sentence, leaving out the underlined adjective clause:

Airplanes that are not carefully inspected should never be flown.

This adjective clause is necessary (therefore essential) for the meaning of the sentence.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause which modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It is used to show time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, manner, or comparison and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. Common subordinating conjunctions and their uses are listed below:

1. Time (when, before, since, as, until, while, after, whenever)

     After I backed up my files, the disk controller failed.

2. Place (where, wherever, whence, whither)

    His popularity dropped wherever people knew him.

3. Cause (because, since, as)

    Because he was late for a meeting, he ran up the stairs.

4. Purpose (in order that, so that, that)

    So that fairness was exercised, all the students missed recess for talking.

5. Result (so...that, such...that)

     So everyone could enjoy the film, that noisy speaker had to be repaired.

6. Condition (if, unless)

     If it continues to rain, commencement exercises will be moved indoors.

8. Manner (as, as if, as though)

     She strode toward the podium as if she had won the contest.

9. Comparison (as, than)

    The trip is more expensive than I can afford.

    Note: Introductory adverbial clauses are set off by commas.